Generativity, Mentioned in Chapter 4, Can Be an Example of

Erikson's psychosocial stages of evolution focus on the resolution of different crises to get a successful, consummate person.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Summarize Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

KEY POINTS

- Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was a stage theorist who took Freud'due south controversial psychosexual theory and modified it into an eight-stage psychosocial theory of development.
- During each of Erikson'southward eight development stages, two alien ideas must be resolved successfully in society for a person to become a confident, contributing fellow member of club. Failure to master these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy.
- Erikson'south eight stages of psychosocial evolution include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. function confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.
- Erikson too expanded upon Freud's stages by discussing the cultural implications of evolution; sure cultures may need to resolve the stages in different means based upon their cultural and survival needs.

TERMS

autonomy: Self-regime; freedom to act or function independently.
psychosocial: Having both psychological and social aspects.

Erikson'due south Theory

Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was a stage theorist who took Freud's controversial theory of psychosexual development and modified it as a psychosocial theory. Erikson emphasized that the ego makes positive contributions to evolution past mastering attitudes, ideas, and skills at each phase of evolution. This mastery helps children grow into successful, contributing members of gild. During each of Erikson's eight stages, at that place is a psychological conflict that must exist successfully overcome in order for a child to develop into a healthy, well-adjusted adult.

Erik Erikson

Erikson adult his eight stages of psychosocial development based on Freud's psychosexual theory.

Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development are based on (and expand upon) Freud's psychosexual theory. Erikson proposed that nosotros are motivated by the need to achieve competence in certain areas of our lives. Co-ordinate to psychosocial theory, we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood. At each stage there is a crisis or chore that we demand to resolve. Successful completion of each developmental task results in a sense of competence and a healthy personality. Failure to main these tasks leads to feelings of inadequacy.

Erikson besides added to Freud's stages by discussing the cultural implications of development; certain cultures may demand to resolve the stages in different ways based upon their cultural and survival needs.

Trust vs. Mistrust

From birth to 12 months of historic period, infants must learn that adults can be trusted. This occurs when adults meet a child'due south basic needs for survival. Infants are dependent upon their caregivers, and then caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant'due south needs help their infant to develop a sense of trust; their baby will see the earth equally a safe, anticipated place. Unresponsive caregivers who do not meet their infant's needs tin can engender feelings of anxiety, fright, and mistrust; their baby may see the earth as unpredictable. If infants are treated cruelly or their needs are not met appropriately, they volition likely abound up with a sense of mistrust for people in the world.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Every bit toddlers (ages 1–iii years) brainstorm to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and human action on their environment to get results. They begin to evidence clear preferences for certain elements of the surround, such as food, toys, and wear. A toddler'southward main task is to resolve the effect ofautonomy vs. shame and dubiety by working to establish independence. This is the "me do it" stage. For case, we might observe a budding sense of autonomy in a 2-year-quondam kid who wants to choose her clothes and dress herself. Although her outfits might non be appropriate for the situation, her input in such basic decisions has an effect on her sense of independence. If denied the opportunity to act on her environment, she may begin to incertitude her abilities, which could lead to low self-esteem and feelings of shame.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Once children reach the preschool phase (ages three–vi years), they are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. Co-ordinate to Erikson, preschool children must resolve the task ofinitiative vs. guilt.By learning to plan and achieve goals while interacting with others, preschool children can principal this task. Initiative, a sense of ambition and responsibility, occurs when parents allow a child to explore within limits and then support the child'southward selection. These children will develop self-confidence and feel a sense of purpose. Those who are unsuccessful at this stage—with their initiative misfiring or stifled by over-controlling parents—may develop feelings of guilt.

Industry vs. Inferiority

During the elementary school stage (ages 6–12), children face the task ofindustry vs. inferiority.Children brainstorm to compare themselves with their peers to meet how they mensurate up. They either develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family unit life, or they experience inferior and inadequate because they feel that they don't measure out upward. If children do not learn to get forth with others or have negative experiences at home or with peers, an inferiority complex might develop into adolescence and adulthood.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

In adolescence (ages 12–eighteen), children face the task ofidentity vs. office defoliation.Co-ordinate to Erikson, an adolescent'south master chore is developing a sense of self. Adolescents struggle with questions such as "Who am I?" and "What exercise I desire to do with my life?" Along the fashion, well-nigh adolescents try on many dissimilar selves to see which ones fit; they explore various roles and ideas, set goals, and try to discover their "adult" selves. Adolescents who are successful at this stage accept a strong sense of identity and are able to remain true to their beliefs and values in the face of problemsand other people's perspectives. When adolescents are apathetic, do not make a conscious search for identity, or are pressured to conform to their parents' ideas for the future, they may develop a weak sense of self and experience role confusion. They volition exist unsure of their identity and dislocated nearly the future. Teenagers who struggle to adopt a positive role will likely struggle to "find" themselves every bit adults.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are concerned withintimacy vs. isolation.After we have developed a sense of self in adolescence, nosotros are gear up to share our life with others. All the same, if other stages have non been successfully resolved, young adults may have trouble developing and maintaining successful relationships with others. Erikson said that nosotros must have a strong sense of cocky before we can develop successful intimate relationships. Adults who do not develop a positive cocky-concept in adolescence may experience feelings of loneliness and emotional isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known every bit middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. The social job of center machismo isgenerativity vs. stagnation.Generativity involves finding your life's piece of work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. During this stage, middle-aged adults begin contributing to the adjacent generation, often through childbirth and caring for others; they too engage in meaningful and productive work which contributes positively to club. Those who practice non master this task may experience stagnation and feel as though they are non leaving a mark on the globe in a meaningful way; they may have little connection with others and lilliputian involvement in productivity and cocky-comeback.

Integrity vs. Despair

From the mid-60s to the cease of life, we are in the period of development known as late adulthood. Erikson's task at this stage is calledintegrity vs. despair.He said that people in tardily adulthood reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of satisfaction or a sense of failure. People who feel proud of their accomplishments feel a sense of integrity, and they can look back on their lives with few regrets. However, people who are not successful at this stage may feel as if their life has been wasted. They focus on what "would have," "should have," and "could have" been. They confront the finish of their lives with feelings of bitterness, low, and despair.

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